[Candace]

GLA converts to PGE1, which doubled aromatase in Figure 6 of this paper.

[Lotus]

I'd say to consider the many different options out there, currently I take coconut oil, (although not a GLA) I'd consider EPO, and from what I understand you can vary (trade off) between say (borage oil, EPO, flaxseed oil or others), which FSO isn't said to contain anti-aromatase properties. But I don't mind giving T a pass through anti-aromatase while on CO, I like it, but that's just my opinion, if you don't mind smelling like a nut, it's absolutely wonderful for soft soft hair.

http://www.livestrong.com/article/441704...-primrose/
http://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/e...10681.html
https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/Blac.../flaxseed/
http://www.livestrong.com/article/525321...mrose-oil/

Fats and oils are essential to your health and many of your body's functions. The oils most important for brain, nerves and skin include the essential fatty acids, which are available in a variety of foods that include olive oil and avocados. Flaxseeds also provide an important essential fatty acid called omega-3, which is strongest in its oil. Evening primrose, which contains omega-6s, is not usually consumed as a food, but rather its oil is taken in supplement form.


Flaxseed oil comes from the seeds of the flax plant. This oil provides the important essential fatty acids linolenic acid and linoleic acid, according to Shawn M. Talbott in his book "The Health Professional's Guide to Dietary Supplements." Flaxseed oil contains about 57 percent linolenic acid, which is an omega-3 fatty acid, and about 17 percent linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid. It is important to get a balance of omega-3 fatty acids to omega-6 fatty acids. However, the standard American diet contains too many omega-6 fatty acids and few omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids help counter inflammation and increase brain function. Flaxseed oil also contains lignan, which is a phytochemical that may help cancer prevention.

Evening primrose oil comes from the herb Oenothera biennis, which has bright yellow flowers that bloom in the evening, writes Talbott. The plant grows wild in dry, arid environments, and was first documented in Britain as being used for medicinal purposes. The main oil found in evening primrose oil is gamma-linolenic acid, another essential fatty acid, though it also contains linoleic acid. People have taken evening primrose oil include to relieve PMS, hot flashes and fibrocystic breasts.

How They Differ
The main difference between flaxseed oil and evening primrose oil is that the former contains the omega-3 linolenic acid, while the latter contains the omega-6 gamma-linolenic acid, or GLA for short. Omega-3s are linked to a lower risk of heart disease, cancer and arthritis, often through their anti-inflammatory properties, notes the University of Maryland Medical Center. Though GLA is an omega-6 fatty acid, which is sometimes connected to inflammation, it is one form of omega-6 that also can reduce inflammation, but is geared more toward skin, hair, reproductive and bone health. But the University of Maryland reports that more research favors the anti-inflammatory properties of the omega-3 fatty acids found in flaxseed oil more than that of GLA found in evening primrose oil.

What to Consider
Both flaxseed oil and evening primrose oil can be healthy parts of your diet, and you can consume both at the same time. Ingesting more flaxseed oil or flaxseeds than evening primrose oil can help balance your intake of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. Possible side effects related to flaxseed oil are diarrhea if you consume large amounts and the increased risk of bleeding if you suffer from a bleeding disorder. Nausea, upset stomach or diarrhea may occur if you take too much evening primrose oil.

[Lotus]

GLA converts to PGE1, which doubled aromatase in Figure 6 of this paper.

Excellent catch Candace, maybe that could edge out genistien.

[pom19]

Thanks again Lotus for your research. Good Night, POM

[Lotus]

Thanks again Lotus for your research. Good Night, POM

Anytime POM, goodnight.

GLA converts to PGE1, which doubled aromatase in Figure 6 of this paper.

Excellent catch Candace, maybe that could edge out genistien.

For those who want to know what the promoters are:



   

Potential utility of natural products as regulators of breast cancer-associated aromatase promoters

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142499/

[Lotus]

Getting closer,

Conversion of blood androgens to estrogens in normal adult men and women

Abstract

Continuous infusions of Δ4-androstenedione-7-3H and testosterone-7-3H have been used to demonstrate that these androgens are converted to estrone and 17β-estradiol, and contribute to the circulating blood levels of these estrogens in normal males and females. The conversion ratio (ratio of concentrations of radioactivity of free product steroid [χ-PRO] and free precursor steroid [χ-PRE], both corrected for recoveries, after an infusion of radioactive precursor steroid) for androstenedione (precursor) to estrone (product) is 0.013 in males and 0.007 in females, and the conversion ratio for testosterone (precursor) to estradiol (product) is 0.0018 in males and 0.005 in females. The transfer constant, [ρ]BBAE1, for androstenedione conversion to estrone ([ρ]BBAE1 = per cent of infused androstenedione, precursor, converted to estrone, product, when infusion and measurement are both in blood) is 1.35% in males and 0.74% in females, and the transfer constant, [ρ]BBTE2, for testosterone conversion to estradiol is 0.39% in males and 0.15% in females.

Whether measured as conversion ratio or transfer constant, the peripheral aromatization of androstenedione takes place to a greater degree than that of testosterone, and, for the respective androgens, both the conversion ratio and [ρ]BB value are greater in males than females.

For the androgen interconversions, [ρ]BBAT is 4.5% in males and 2.2% in females; [ρ]BBTA is 8.2% in males and 12.0% in females.

Studies on the distribution coefficients (effective concentration in red cells/plasma) for precursor radioactivity were also made. In both males and females the distribution coefficient for androstenedione is 0.16-0.17 while that of testosterone is 0.01-0.03.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC297476/


So what does this tell us, certainly androstenedione is un-tapped, and in males the ratio seems 2-1 over females.

[Lotus]

So what if there was way to influence an estrogen action in the Leydig cells since they already include estrogen receptors. Well, a pathway needs to be established. Here is one possible source, or could be a possible action.

Sperm, a source of estrogen
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1518866/
Environ Health Perspect. Oct 1995; 103(Suppl 7): 59–62.
PMCID: PMC1518866
Research Article
Sperm, a source of estrogen.

Other info: it's being researched already.

Estrogen signaling in testicular cells.

Aromatase transforms irreversibly androgens into estrogens and is present in the endoplasmic reticulum of various tissues including the mammalian testis. In rat all testicular cells except peritubular cells express aromatase. Indeed in adult rat germ cells (pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids) we have demonstrated the presence of a functional aromatase (transcript, protein and biological activity) and the estrogen output is equivalent to that of Leydig cells. In addition in the adult rat, transcripts of aromatase vary according to the germ cell type and to the stages of seminiferous epithelium. By contrast with the androgen receptors mainly localized in somatic cells, estrogen receptors (ERs) are described in most of the testicular cells including germ cells. Moreover, besides the presence of high affinity ERα and/or ERβ, a rapid membrane effect has been recently reported and we demonstrated that GPR30 (a transmembrane intracellular estrogen receptor) is expressed in adult rat pachytene spermatocytes. Therefore estrogens through both GPR30 and ERα are able to activate the rapid EGFR/ERK/c-jun signaling cascade, which in turn triggers an apoptotic mitochondrial pathway involving an increase in Bax expression and a concomitant reduction of cyclin A1 and B1 gene levels. In another study in round spermatids of adult rat we have shown that the rapid membrane effect of estradiol is also efficient in controlling apoptosis and maturation / differentiation of these haploid germ cells. In man the presence of a biologically active aromatase and of estrogen receptors has been reported in Leydig cells, but also in immature germ cells and ejaculated spermatozoa. Thus the role of estrogen (intracrine, autocrine and / or paracrine) in spermatogenesis (proliferation, apoptosis, survival and maturation) and more generally, in male reproduction is now evidenced taking into account the simultaneous presence of a biologically active aromatase and the widespread distribution of estrogen receptors especially in haploid germ cells.

[elainecd]

Lotus, does that say what I think it says??...

[Lotus]

Lotus, does that say what I think it says??...

Lol yes, although it's a bit more involved then what it implies.

This review article discusses a novel nontraditional site of estrogen synthesis and the potential targets of estrogen action within the male reproductive system. Our laboratories have recently demonstrated that developing spermatids in several species contain aromatase, the cytochrome P450 enzyme responsible for converting androgens into estrogens.

[elainecd]

oK then I just have to ask...
Would men's sperm be a significant source of aromatase?

I think so, the study concluded that Leydig cells, germ cells, and seminiferous tubules all showed positive stains for aromatase.